過去完成時(shí)的基礎(chǔ)知識

過去完成時(shí)(The Past Perfect Tense)：表示過去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作，對過去的某一點(diǎn)造成的某種影響或是結(jié)果，用來指在另一個(gè)過去行動(dòng)之前就已經(jīng)完成了的事件。它表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間是“過去的過去”，側(cè)重事情的結(jié)果。

過去完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成

過去完成時(shí)是由“had+過去分詞”構(gòu)成的。

Soon I realized I had made a serious mistake.

我很快就意識到我犯了一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤。

The man sitting beside me on the plane was very nervous. He had not flown before.

飛機(jī)上坐在我旁邊的人很緊張，他以前從沒乘過飛機(jī)。

Had he gone home when you arrived?你到的時(shí)候他已經(jīng)回家了嗎?

過去完成時(shí)的用法

①“已完成”用法

表示某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過去某一時(shí)間之前或過去某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成。句中常用by引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語或以before, until, when, than等詞引導(dǎo)的內(nèi)含一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語從句。

By 5:00 yesterday morning we had done that work.

到昨天早上5點(diǎn)鐘時(shí)，我們已經(jīng)做完了那件工作。

He had just finished sweeping the classroom when the teacher returned from the office.

老師從辦公室回來時(shí)，他剛把教室打掃完。

They came earlier than we had expected.

他們到得比我們預(yù)料的要早。

I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university.

我在進(jìn)大學(xué)之前就已學(xué)了5000個(gè)單詞。

It rained yesterday after it had been dry for many months.

旱了好幾個(gè)月之后，昨天下雨了。

注意：

在包含before和after的復(fù)合句中，因?yàn)閺木鋭?dòng)作和主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后順序已經(jīng)非常明確，可以用一般過去時(shí)代替過去完成時(shí)。

The train (had) started before I reached the station.

在我到達(dá)車站之前，列車已經(jīng)開了。

After he (had) arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.

馬克思到達(dá)英格蘭之后，努力提高他的英語水平。

②“未完成”用法

表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過去某一時(shí)刻之前就已開始，一直持續(xù)到這一過去時(shí)間，還可能再持續(xù)下去。

Up to that time all had gone well.

直到那時(shí)一切都很順利。

John and Jane had known each other for a long time before their marriage.

約翰和簡在結(jié)婚前就認(rèn)識很長時(shí)間了。

She said she had made much progress since she came here.

她說自從她到這兒后已取得了很大的進(jìn)步。

③“想象性”用法

過去完成時(shí)有時(shí)表示一種未實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望或想法，主要用在if引導(dǎo)的和過去事實(shí)相反的條件句以及wish, as if引導(dǎo)的從句中。

If she had worked hard, she would have succeeded.

要是她努力的話，她就會(huì)成功了。(事實(shí)上她沒努力，也沒成功。)

I wish I had gone with you to the concert.

我要是和你一起去音樂會(huì)就好了。

The two strangers talked as if they had been good friends for many years.

那兩個(gè)陌生人交談起來就像是多年的老朋友。

④表示“剛剛……就……”

過去完成時(shí)常用在hardly/scarcely/barely ... when..., no sooner ... than ...等結(jié)構(gòu)中，表示“剛剛……就……”。

Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.

他剛開始演講，聽眾就打斷了他。

No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.

他剛到就又走了。

提示：

intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等動(dòng)詞的過去完成時(shí)可以用來表示一個(gè)本來打算做而未做的事。

I had meant to come, but something happened.

我原本打算來的，但有事發(fā)生了。

I had intended to call on you, but was prevented from doing so.

我本打算去看你的，但沒能去成。

They had wanted to help but couldn't get here in time.

他們原想幫忙的，但沒能及時(shí)趕到這里。

過去完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的比較

一般過去時(shí)表示過去時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。過去完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在一般過去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)之前，因此它表示的是“比過去更過去”。

I returned the book that I had borrowed.

我已歸還了我借的書。

He didn't know a thing about the verb, for he had not studied his lessons.

他對動(dòng)詞一無所知，因?yàn)樗麤]有好好學(xué)習(xí)功課。

I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.

我在車站等了20分鐘車才來。

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