2023年初中英語語法：過去完成時的判斷依據

1. 由時間狀語來判定：一般說來，各種時態都有特定的時間狀語。與過去完成時連用的時間狀語有：

( 1 ) by + 過去的時間點。

如： I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.

( 2 ) by the end of + 過去的時間點。

如： We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.

( 3 ) before + 過去的時間點。

如： They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.

2. 由“過去的過去”來判定：過去完成時表示“過去的過去”，是指過去某一動作之前已經發生或完成的動作，即動作有先后關系，動作在前的用過去完成時，在后的用一般過去時。這種用法常出現在：

( 1 )賓語從句中

當賓語從句的主句為一般過去時，且從句的動作先于主句的動作時，從句要用過去完成時。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞后的賓語從句。如：

She said that she had seen the film before.

( 2 )狀語從句中

在時間、條件、原因、方式等狀語從句中，主、從句的動作發生有先后關系，動作在前的，要用過去完成時，動作在后的要用一般過去時。如：

When I got to the station, the train had already left.

After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.

注意： before, after 引導的時間狀語從句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表達了動作的先后關系，若主、從句表示的動作緊密相連，則主、從句都用一般過去時。如：

Where did you study before you came here?

After he closed the door, he left the classroom.

( 3 )表示意向的動詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時表示"原本…，未能…"

We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.

3. 根據上、下文來判定。

I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.

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