關系代詞引導的定語從句

關系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞，并在句中充當主語、賓語、定語等成分。關系代詞在定語 從句中作主語時，從句謂語動詞的人稱和數要和先行詞保持一致。

狀語從句 （Adverbial Clause）

狀語從句指句子用作狀語時，起副詞作用的句子。它可以修飾謂語、非謂語動詞、定語、狀語或整個句子。

根據其作用可分為時間、地點、原因、條件、目的、結果、讓步、方式和比較等從句。狀語從句一般由連詞(從屬連詞)引導，也可以由詞組引起。從句位于句首或句中時通常用逗號與主句隔開，位于句尾時可以不用逗號隔開。

時態特點

一般情況下，時間和條件狀語從句的謂語動詞一般用“一般現在時”表示“一般將來時”，用“現在完成時”表示“將來完成時”。

例如：

I will call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing. 我到北京就將給你打電話。

(這是由as soon as引導的時間狀語從句，從句中的謂語動詞arrive是一般現在時，表示一般將來時，絕不可用will arrive)

As soon as I have finished this work, I will have gone home. 我一完成此工作，就回家。

(從句中的謂語動詞用現在完成時have finished，表示將來完成時,絕不可用will have finished)

If he comes back, please let me know.如果他回來了，請通知我。

(從句中的謂語動詞用comes back,表示一般將來時，絕不可用will come back)

從句通常結構：主 do sth.\do sb.(條件)+ V.\結果

一、時間狀語從句

常用引導詞：

when(在…時), as(當…時), while(在…期間), as soon as(一……就……), before(在…之前), after(在...之后), since(自從...以來) , not...until(直到…才)until/till(直到…時)等

特殊引導詞：

the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant( 瞬間，頃刻), immediately , directly(不久，立即), no sooner … than(一...就...), hardly …when(剛一...就...) , scarcely … when(剛...就.../一...就...)

當用no sooner … than，hardly …when，scarcely … when作為引導詞的時候，從句要部分倒裝。

I didn’t realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.

直到我成為了一個成年人我才意識到我的母親是多么的特殊。

While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.

當約翰看電視時，他的妻子正在做飯。

The children ran away from the orchard(果園), the moment they saw the guard.

孩子們一看到守衛就逃出了果園。

No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.

還沒等我到家就開始下雨了。

(<--- This translation is wrong. No sooner...than... means something happened right after something happened. )(我一到家就開始下雨了。)

Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.

每當我聽取你的建議時，我就會惹上麻煩。

二、地點狀語從句

常用引導詞：where

特殊引導詞：wherever, anywhere, everywhere

Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.

一般來說，有工廠的地方空氣污染就嚴重。

Wherever you go, you should work hard.

無論你去哪里，你都應該努力工作。

地點狀語從句一般由連接副詞where, wherever等引導，已經形成了固定的句型，

例如：

Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.

在沒有雨水的地方，耕作是困難的或根本不可能的。

They were good persons. Where they went, there they were warmly welcomed.

他們都是好人。因此他們走到哪里都受到熱烈歡迎。

You should have put the book where you found it.

你應該把書放回原來的地方。

Where the Communist Party of China goes, there the people are liberated.

哪里有了中國共產黨，哪里的人民就得解放。

Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen.

有海就有海員。

三、原因狀語從句

常用引導詞：because, since, as,

特殊引導詞：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that.

My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful.

我的朋友都不喜歡我，因為我又英俊又成功。

Now that everybody has come, let’s begin our conference.

既然每個人都到了，讓我們開始我們的會議吧。

The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.

更高的收入稅是有害的，因為它或許會阻礙人們努力賺錢。

四、目的狀語從句

常用引導詞：so that, in order that

特殊引導詞：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that

The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.

老板要求秘書快寫函件以便他能在上面簽字。

The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.

為了讓后面的學生聽得更清楚，老師有意地提高了他的聲音。

注意，由for引導的是一個并列句，不是原因狀語從句，但有表原因的意思，是并列連詞。

五、結果狀語從句

常用引導詞：so … that, such … that,

特殊引導詞：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,

He got up so early that he caught the first bus.

他很早起床以便趕上第一班公共汽車

It’s such a good chance that we must not miss it.

這是一個好機會，千萬不能錯過它

To such a degree was he excited that he couldn’t sleep last night.

他激動到這個程度，以至于他昨晚睡不著

六、條件狀語從句

常用引導詞：if, unless,whether(whether...or not)

特殊引導詞：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, supposing that, in case(美語中表條件，英語中表目的), on condition that

We’ll start our project if the president agrees.

如果總統同意，我們將開始我們的項目

You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.

只要你繼續努力，你一定會成功的。

Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.

如果沒有人反對，我們就在這里開會。

七、讓步狀語從句

常用引導詞：though, although, even if, even though

特殊引導詞： as(用在讓步狀語從句中必須要倒裝)，while ( 一般用在句首 )，no matter …， in spite of the fact that, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever

Much as I respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal.

盡管我很尊敬他， 但是我卻不同意他的建議。

The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.

老人都很喜歡游泳，即使天氣很惡劣。

No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.

不論他如何努力，她都不會改變她的主意。

He won’t listen whatever you may say.

他不會聽你說什么。

八、比較狀語從句

常用引導詞：as(同級比較), than(不同程度的比較)

特殊引導詞：the more … the more … ; just as …， so…; A is to B what/as X is to Y; no … more than; not so much A as B

She is as bad-tempered as her mother.

她和她媽媽一樣脾氣很壞。

The house is three times as big as ours.

這房子是我們的三倍大。

The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.

你運動的越多，你就越健康。

Food is to men what oil is to machine.

食物之于人，猶如油之于機器。

九、方式狀語從句

常用引導詞：as, as if, how

特殊引導詞：the way

When in Rome, do as the Romans do.

入國問禁，入鄉隨俗。

She behaved as if she were the boss.

她表現得好像她是老板。

Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.

有時，我們用父母教導我們的方式教導我們的孩子。

十、狀語從句的省略

狀語從句同時具備下列兩個條件:①主句和從句的主語一致，或從句主語為it;②從句主要動詞是be的某種形式。從句中的主語和be動詞常可省略。例如：

When ( the museum is ) completed , the museum will be open to the public next year .

當博物館完成，該博物館將于明年向公眾開放。

He’ll go to the seaside for his holiday if (it is ) possible.

如果可能，他將去海邊度假的話

另外，比較狀語從句經常省略。例如：

I’m taller than he (is tall ).

我比他高

The higher the temperature (is), the greater the pressure (is ).

溫度越高，氣壓越大

就狀語從句而言,有時為了使語言言簡意賅,常常將狀語從句進行"簡化"。狀語從句的"簡化"現象在口語中較為普遍,而且在高考中的復現率也較高。因此,有必要對其進行全面、透徹的了解。

狀語從句的"簡化"現象常存在于以下五種狀語從句中:

①由if, unless等引導的條件狀語從句;

②由although, though, even if / though等引導的讓步狀語從句;

③由when, while, as, before, after, until / till等引導的時間狀語從句;

④由as, as if等引導的方式狀語從句;

⑤由as, than等引導的比較狀語從句。下面針對這五種情形作一歸納。

(1)當狀語從句的主語是it,且謂語動詞是be時,it和be要完全簡化掉。

例如:

If (it is) possible, he will help you out of the difficulty.

如果可能的話,他會幫你擺脫困境。

You must attend the meeting unless (it is) inconvenient to you。

除非情況對你來說不方便,否則你必須出席這次會議。

(2)當狀語從句的主語和主句的主語一致時,從句可以將主語和be動詞簡化掉。常用于以下幾種情形:

連詞+形容詞

As (he was) young, he learned how to ride a bike.

他小時候就學會了騎自行車。

Whenever (she is) free, she often goes shopping.

她有空就去逛商店。

Work hard when (you are) young, or you'll regret.

少壯不努力,老大徒傷悲。

連詞+名詞

While (he was) a young boy, he was always ready to help others.

他在孩子時代就樂于助人。

Although (he was) a farmer, now he is a famous director.

盡管他曾是個農民,但現在他是位著名的導演了。

連詞+現在分詞

As (she was) walking along the river bank, she was singing a pop song.

她沿著河堤邊走邊唱著流行歌曲。

Although (he is) doing his best in maths these days, he has still got no good marks.

盡管近來他一直在學數學,但他仍然沒有取得好成績。

連詞+過去分詞

He won't go there with us unless (he is) invited.

除非受到邀請,否則他不會和我們一道去那里。

The concert was a great success than (it was) expected

.這場音樂會出乎意料地取得了巨大成功。

連詞+不定式

He stood up as if (he were) to say something.

當時他站起來好像要說什么。

He wouldn't solve the problem even if (he were) to take charge.

即使他來負責,他也解決不了這個問題。

連詞+介詞短語

She looked anxious as though (she was) in trouble.

她看上去很焦急,好像遇到了麻煩。

He had mastered the English language before (he was) in the USA.

他到美國之前就懂英語了。

注意:當從句主語和主句主語不一致時,從句部分要么用完全形式,要么用獨立主格結構來表達。

例如:

When the meeting was over, all the people went out of the meeting-room.

當會議結束時,人們都走出了會議室。(=The meeting over)

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