現(xiàn)在完成時是初中的重要時態(tài)，今天我們一起來學(xué)習下，內(nèi)容很詳細，各位家長老師可以直接使用，也可以根據(jù)先后內(nèi)容做成PPT課件。

現(xiàn)在完成時的構(gòu)成

現(xiàn)在完成時由“have(has)+過去分詞”構(gòu)成。has 用于主語是第三人稱單數(shù)時。(過去分詞參考我上一篇文章)

①Ihavejustfinishedmy homework. 我剛做完功課

②Ihave livedin Guangzhou for more than three years. 我已經(jīng)在廣州住了三年多了。

③My sisterhas seenthe movie many times. 那部電影我姐姐看過好多次了。

現(xiàn)在完成時的否定句和疑問句的構(gòu)成。

否定句：主語+have /has +not+過去分詞+其他.

說明：have和has常與not 縮寫成haven't 和hasn't .

①Ihaven't seenmuch of him recently 最近我沒怎么見到他。

②Hehasn't beento Japan.他沒有去過日本。

一般疑問句：Have /Has +主語+過去分詞+其它?

肯定回答：Yes.主語+have /has.

否定回答：No,主語+have /has not。

③—Have you finished your homework ? 你已經(jīng)做完家庭作業(yè)了嗎?

–Yes, I have (No, I haven't )是的 。(不，還沒有)

④–-Has he passed the test yet ? 他考試及格了嗎

—-Yes, he has . (No , he hasn't )是的。(不，沒及格)

鞏固練習：

The bus hasn't arrived yet. (改成肯定句)The bus ________ _______ __________.

I have watched the interesting film recently. (改成一般疑問句)

_____ you ________ the interesting films recently?

I have already had my breakfast. (改為否定句)I ________ had my breakfast ______.

I have already finished doing my homework. (改為一般疑問句)

_____ ________ finished doing your homework ________?

She has already worked out that difficult math problem. (改為否定句)

She _________ worked out that difficult problem __________.

現(xiàn)在完成時的基本用法

現(xiàn)在完成時有兩個主要用法，“已完成”用法和“未完成”用法。

現(xiàn)在完成時的“已完成”用法

“已完成”用法指動作或過程發(fā)生在說話之前某個不明確的時間，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)完成，但后果或影響至今仍然存在。其重點就是著眼于現(xiàn)在，強調(diào)過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響和后果。

現(xiàn)在完成時常與表示不確定的時間狀語連用，如：yet, just, before , recently ,once ,lately等，也同表示頻率副詞連用，如：often ,once ,ever ,never等。

① I've forgotten his telephone number.我忘記他的電話號碼。(表示現(xiàn)在沒法跟他聯(lián)系)

② He has already given up smoking .他已經(jīng)戒煙了。(表示現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不抽煙了)

③ How many times have you been to Beijing ?他去過北京幾次?(與表示頻率的狀語連用)

現(xiàn)在完成時的“未完成”用法。

“未完成”用法是指它可以表示開始于過去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(也許還會繼續(xù)進行下去)的動作或狀態(tài)。這一用法與“已完成”的用法主要區(qū)別在于它通常都要與表示一段時間的狀語連用。常用的表示時間的狀語有：for…..,since…(自從…),so far (到目前為止)等。如：①We have received no news from her for 2years .兩年了，我們沒有她的一點消息。

②She has taught us since I came to this school.從我來學(xué)校開始她就一直教我們。

使用現(xiàn)在完成時應(yīng)注意的情況

瞬間動詞(也叫點動詞，非延續(xù)性動詞或終止性動詞)表示的動作有一個終點，到了終點就不能再延續(xù)，因此不能與表示一段時間的時間狀語(如for短語，since短語等)連用，但是可以與表示非持續(xù)的時間狀語連用。如：

His father has died for three years .(✘)

【die（死）為瞬間動詞，不能與表示一段時間的狀語連用】

①他父親去世已經(jīng)三年了。His father died three years ago . (✔ )

【可以與表示非持續(xù)性的時間狀語連用]

I have bought the book for a week .(✘)

【buy(買)為瞬間動詞，不能與表示一段時間的狀語連用】

②這本書我買了一個星期了。I bought the book a week ago . (✔ )

【可以與表示非延續(xù)性的時間狀語連用

表示時間段的時間狀語時，可以將瞬間動詞變?yōu)橥�義的延續(xù)性或表狀態(tài)的動詞(短語)。所以，上面兩例還可以分別表示為：

③His fatherhas been deadfor three years . {be dead (死的)表狀態(tài)}

④I havehad the bookfor a week . {have(擁有)表延續(xù)性動作}

常見的瞬間動詞可以轉(zhuǎn)換成表延續(xù)狀態(tài)的詞有如下一些：

die —–be dead

leave / go—–be away (from)

come /go back—-be back

buy—–have borrow——-keep

make friends—be friends

open—-be open

fall asleep—be asleep

marry—–be married

begin /start —be on

finish——-be over

get ready —-be ready

arrive/ get to /reach /come

—–be in / be at /stay

join (the Party)

—–be a (Party)member / be in (the Party)

如果出現(xiàn)一段時間時，同時又要保留非延續(xù)性動詞，則可以用“It is +時間+since+一般過去的句子“句型改寫。如上面的句①和句②可以分別表示為：

① It is three years since his father died. ②It is a week since I bought the book

For+一段時間 ，since+過去的時間

鞏固練習：用for, since, ago填空。

Sally has been away from London ________ last Saturday.

Our school has changed a lot ________ the new building was built.

Tommy has had this motorcycle ________ three years.

I have been in Nanjing ________ eight years.

My parents has been married since twenty years ________.

My cousin joined the army three months ________.

同義句轉(zhuǎn)換

1) They borrowed it last week. They ____ ______it since ______ _______.

I bought a pen two hours ago. I ______ ______a pen for ______ _______.

He has gone to Beijing. He _____ ______ ______ Beijing for two days.

4)He joined the league in 2002.

He _____ ______ a _________ ______ the ________ for two years.

My grandpa died in 2002. My grandpa _______ _____ ______for _______ ________.

6)The shop closed two hours ago.

The shop _______ ________ ______ for ________ _________.

7)The door opened at six in the morning.

The door ________ ________ ________ for six hours.

如現(xiàn)在完成時的謂語動詞是瞬間動詞的否定式，則一般可以和表示一段時間的for短語連用。因為瞬間動詞的否定式構(gòu)成一種狀態(tài)，而狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。

① We haven't met him for a long time .我已經(jīng)好久沒遇到他了。{表示“沒見到”這一狀態(tài)}

② The old man hasn't left home for a month .那位老人已經(jīng)有一個月未出門了。(表示“足不出戶”

最后區(qū)分：

have (has )been to /have (has) gone to /have (has)been in

have (has) been to表示“去過某地”，指曾經(jīng)有過或沒有過的一種經(jīng)歷。說話時已從該地回來或已從該地去了其他地方。可以同once，often，never，ever, many times 等連用。

have(has )gone to表示“去某地了”，指說話時某人已不在此地。在去某地的途中或已在某地。所以一般來說此結(jié)構(gòu)只用于主語是第三人稱時。

試比較：

She has gone to Shanghai . 她去北京了(表示她人此刻不在這，在北京的途中或已在北京)

She went to Shanghai a year ago 她去過北京。(表示她到過北京這一經(jīng)歷)

have (has) been in表示“已在某地(待了多久)若該地為小地方，則in需要用at代替，當后面跟副詞時只用have been，其后不可以用任何介詞。

① The Greens have been in China for two years .

② LiLei's aunt has been at this school for two years.

③The Greens are in China now. They have been here for a half a year.

鞏固練習 ：用have(has) been 或have(has) gone 填空。

A: Where ____________ Li Fei ___________?

B: He ____________ to Hainan Island.

A: How long _______ he __________ there?

B: He _____________ there for three days.

A: When will he come back, do you know? B: I'm afraid he won't come back recently.

A: Could you tell me the way to Hainan Island?

B: Sorry, I _________ never ___________ there.

A: How many times ___________ Li Fei __________ to that place?

B: He _____________ there only once.

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