賓語(yǔ)從句講與練

(一)that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句

在以that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句中，從屬連詞that只起引導(dǎo)作用，在從句中不作任何成分，也沒(méi)有實(shí)際意義，在口語(yǔ)或非正式文體中常常省略。這種賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序和正常的陳述句語(yǔ)序一樣，符合漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣。

a. 有很多及物動(dòng)詞如say, think, know, hope, see,hear, remember, mean等后可跟that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。如：

* Ithink (that) I’ve lost the key.

* Wehope (that) it’s fine tomorrow so that we can go hiking.

*Many foreigners say (that) the Chinese people are very friendly.

b. be +形容詞+that從句

在主句中為動(dòng)詞be加某些形容詞如sorry, afraid, glad, sure等作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，后面可跟that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。如：

* I’mafraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.

* Areyou sure you’ve lost the way?

注意：一些表示人的感情的形容詞如happy, glad, pleased, surprised, excited, sorry, afraid等后面可接不定式也可以接that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，表示產(chǎn)生這種感情的原因。如果主句與從句的主語(yǔ)一致，可以直接接不定式，如果不一致，則只可用that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。

如：

* Weare surprised to see you here. = We are surprised that we see you here.

* Theteacher is pleased that her students have made great progress in English.

C. 學(xué)習(xí)賓語(yǔ)從句的用法應(yīng)注意的問(wèn)題

a. 當(dāng)主句為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句可根據(jù)實(shí)際需要選用不同的時(shí)態(tài)。如：

* Doyou know (that) they are waiting for you at the bus stop?

* Ihear he has been back for two days.

b. 當(dāng)主句為一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句也要用過(guò)去的時(shí)態(tài)。如：

* Ididn’t know that they were waiting for me at the bus stop.

* Wewere surprised that he had already finished his paper.

c. 當(dāng)think引導(dǎo)否定形式的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，習(xí)慣上應(yīng)該將否定詞not移到主句中去否定動(dòng)詞think，而think后面的賓語(yǔ)從句保持肯定式。如：

* (誤) I think you are not right.

(正) Idon’t think you are right.

* Idon’t think they can come in such bad weather.

Practice 1: 將下列漢語(yǔ)譯成英語(yǔ)

1.他考試及格了，我很高興。

2.我想她一小時(shí)后回來(lái)。

3.我知道那是真的。

4.那意味著小汽車(chē)不能進(jìn)去嗎?

5.我告訴了他你昨天去了上海。

6. 那時(shí)英語(yǔ)老師認(rèn)為我學(xué)習(xí)不夠刻苦。

7. 昨天李華告訴我他訂好了兩張機(jī)票。

8. 我對(duì)他剛才說(shuō)的話非常感興趣。

參考答案：

1.他考試及格了，我很高興。

I’m very glad that he has passed the exam.

2.我想她一小時(shí)后回來(lái)。

I think she’ll be/come back in an hour.

3.我知道那是真的。

I know that it’s true.

4.那意味著小汽車(chē)不能進(jìn)去嗎?

Does it mean that cars can’t go in?

5.我告訴了他你昨天去了上海。

I told him that you went to Shanghai yesterday.

6.那時(shí)英語(yǔ)老師認(rèn)為我學(xué)習(xí)不夠刻苦。

At that time, my English teacher didn’t think I was workinghard enough.

7.昨天李華告訴我他訂好了兩張機(jī)票。

Yesterday Li Hua told me that he had booked 2 air tickets.

8.我對(duì)他剛才說(shuō)的話非常剛興趣。

I amvery interested in what he just said.

(二)：由連接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句

所謂連接代詞和連接副詞就是疑問(wèn)代詞和疑問(wèn)副詞，如：who,whose, when, what, which, whom, where, why, how以及由how構(gòu)成的詞組，它們?cè)跇?gòu)成疑問(wèn)句時(shí)叫疑問(wèn)詞。在引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)被稱(chēng)作連接代詞或連接副詞。連接代詞或連接副詞在賓語(yǔ)從句中有含義，擔(dān)任相關(guān)句子成分，不能省略。

A. 連接代詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句

連接代詞有：who,whom, whose, which和what。這些詞在賓語(yǔ)從句中擔(dān)任一定的句子成分，充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句中的主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)等，具有一定的意義。如：

* Idon’t know who will give us a talk this time.

(who在賓語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ))

* Canyou tell me whom you are waiting for?

(whom在賓語(yǔ)從句中作介詞for的賓語(yǔ))

* Sheasked whose jacket it was.

(whose在賓語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ)修飾jacket)

*Please tell me what you’ve done.

(what在賓語(yǔ)從句中作動(dòng)詞done的賓語(yǔ))

* Idon’t know whose that watch is.

(whose在賓語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ))

B. 連接副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句

連接副詞有：when,where, why和how。在賓語(yǔ)從句中擔(dān)任一定的句子成分，充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句中的狀語(yǔ)，表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因或方式等。如：

* Doyou know when they’ll be back?

(when在賓語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)，表示be back的時(shí)間)

* Iwant to know where she lives.

(where在賓語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)，表示live的地點(diǎn))

* MrZhang asked him why he was late for school again.

(why在賓語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)，表示be late的原因)

*Please tell me how you did it.

(how在賓語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)，表示do的方式)

此外，包含how的詞組也可以引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，這種詞組在賓語(yǔ)從句中也擔(dān)任一定的句子成分，充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等成分。如：

* Heasked how far it was to the post office.

(how far短語(yǔ)在賓語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ))

* Canyou tell me how old she is?

(how old短語(yǔ)在賓語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ))

* Iwant to know how much all these things are.

(how much短語(yǔ)在賓語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ))

*Nobody can tell how many people went to the park today.

(how many短語(yǔ)在賓語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ))

C. 用于連接由連接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)：

see,say, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, remember, forget, find out, show, choose等。

D. 由連接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序及時(shí)態(tài)

由連接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句本身為疑問(wèn)語(yǔ)序轉(zhuǎn)變成賓語(yǔ)從句，要把語(yǔ)序調(diào)整為陳述語(yǔ)序。即：

主句+連接代詞/連接副詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+其它成分

這類(lèi)賓語(yǔ)從句與主句之間的時(shí)態(tài)關(guān)系：

a. 如果主句用現(xiàn)在時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句根據(jù)自身時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)選擇事態(tài)

b. 如果主句用過(guò)去時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句用相應(yīng)的過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。

如：

* Doyou know what day it is today?

* Canyou tell me when the train will leave?

* Iwant to know where the bus stop is.

*Could you tell how old your child is?

注意: 當(dāng)連接代詞在賓語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)時(shí), 從句的語(yǔ)序不變。如：

* Idon’t know who took my dictionary.

* Iwonder what’s wrong with you.

*Could you tell me which is the way to the cinema?

E. 學(xué)習(xí)由連接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)該注意的問(wèn)題

當(dāng)what, which, who(whom)等疑問(wèn)代詞作賓語(yǔ)從句里介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句中的介詞不可隨意省略掉。如：

* 我不知道他們?cè)谡沂裁础?/p>

(誤) I don’t know what they are looking.

(正) I don’t know what they are looking for.

* 你能告訴我你們?cè)谡務(wù)撜l(shuí)嗎?

(誤) Can you tell me whom (who) you are talking?

(正) Can you tell me whom (who) you are talking about?

* 你知道她住在哪個(gè)房間嗎?

(誤) Do you know which room she lives?

(正) Do you know which room she lives in?

* 你知道他在聽(tīng)什么音樂(lè)嗎?

(誤) Do you know what kind of music he is listening?

(正) Do you know what kind of music he is listening to?

Practice 2: 用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)聯(lián)詞填空

1.Itworried her a bit __________ her hair was turning gray.

2.These photographs will show you __________ our village looks like.

3.The teacher explains __________ this means.

4.“Please explain __________ you’re so late,” his boss said.

5.We’ll have our picnic in the Summer Palace. You know __________ it is, don’tyou?

6. Even the small children knew __________ FatherChristmas got into their houses.

7. Shirley likes __________ Linda likes.

8. I don’t know __________ I should put it, on the floor or on thetable.

9. Her mother doesn't know __________ the train arrived.

10.Iappreciate it ______ you bring some water and food to us.

I appreciate it ______ he brought us so muchwater and food.

答案：

1.that 2.what 3.what 4.why 5.where 6.how 7.what 8.where 9.when 10.if; that

if和whether引導(dǎo)的從句

A. if和whether引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句

if和whether是從屬連詞，表示“是否”的意思，可引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，在一般情況下可以互換。if多用于口語(yǔ)和非正式問(wèn)題中，whether多用于比較正式的問(wèn)題中。一般疑問(wèn)句作賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)往往要用if或whether來(lái)引導(dǎo)，同時(shí)疑問(wèn)語(yǔ)序要調(diào)整為陳述語(yǔ)序，時(shí)態(tài)也要根據(jù)主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)作相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。如：

* Idoubt whether / if he will succeed.

*Nobody knew whether / if we were going away right now.

*Let’s see if / whether we can find out some information

about that city.

B. 只能用whether引導(dǎo)從句的情況

下列幾種情況只能用whether不可用if引導(dǎo)。

a. 在帶to的不定式前。如：

* Wehaven’t decided whether to walk there or not.

*They don’t know whether to take part in the meeting or not.

b. 在介詞的后面。如：

* I’mthinking of whether we should go to see the film.

* I’mnot angry about whether he will pass the exam or not.

c. 直接與or not連用時(shí)。如：

* Ican’t say whether or not they can come on time.

* I’mnot sure whether or not his answer is correct.

d. 在動(dòng)詞discuss后面的賓語(yǔ)從句中。如：

* Wediscussed whether we had a sports meeting next week.

e. 賓語(yǔ)從句提前時(shí)只能用whether。如：

*Whether the news is true or not, I don’t care.

f. 在句首引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句或表語(yǔ)從句時(shí)。如：

*Whether he’ll come to see us is not important.

* Theproblem is whether he can get them to the top of the hill.

C. 只能用if引導(dǎo)從句的情況

a. if不僅可以引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句還可以引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句，此時(shí)只能用if而不能用whether。如：

* Thestudents will go on a picnic if it is sunny tomorrow.

b. 引導(dǎo)否定概念的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)一般用if而不用whether。如：

* Heasked if I didn’t come to school yesterday.

c. 引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句even if (即使)和as if (好象)中的if不能用whether來(lái)替代。如：

*I’ll send for you even if you don’t come.

* Hetalks as if he has known all about it.

D. 賓語(yǔ)從句中時(shí)態(tài)不受主句時(shí)態(tài)影響的幾種情況：

1.當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句表示的是科學(xué)真理、客觀事實(shí)、格言或其他不受時(shí)間限制、影響、客觀存在的事物時(shí)。如：

*Long long ago, people didn’t know that the earth moves

round the sun.

* Theteacher told her students that practice makes perfect.

2.當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句用來(lái)解釋、表達(dá)科技內(nèi)容時(shí)。如：

* Ourteacher told us that the attraction of the earth for all bodies is calledgravity.

3.當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句表達(dá)一種反復(fù)出現(xiàn)或目前習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作時(shí)。如：

* Hesaid he takes a walk after supper every day.

4.當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作在轉(zhuǎn)述時(shí)仍在繼續(xù)，表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻仍存在的狀態(tài)時(shí)。如：

* Shetold me the other day that she is only eighteen.

* Hesaid that his father is attending a meeting in Beijing.

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