一、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式

1.被動(dòng)語態(tài)的基本時(shí)態(tài)變化：被動(dòng)語態(tài)通常為十種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)形式，各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式為：被動(dòng)語態(tài)由be+過去分詞構(gòu)成，be隨時(shí)態(tài)的變化而變化。

以do 為例

1) am/is/are +done 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

例：Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.

2) has /have been done 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

例：All the preparations for the task have been completed, and we're ready to start.

3) am/is /are being done 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

例：A new cinema is being built here.

4) was/were done 一般過去時(shí)

例：I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.

5) had been done 過去完成時(shí)

例：By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.

6) was/were being done 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)

例：A meeting was being held when I was there.

7) shall/will be done 一般將來時(shí)

例：Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.

8) should/would be done 過去將來時(shí)

例：The news would be sent to the soldier's mother as soon as it arrived.

9) shall/will have been done 將來完成時(shí)(少用)

例：The project will have been completed before July.

2. 被動(dòng)語態(tài)的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)形式

1) 帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)

其形式為：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+過去分詞。

例：The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.

2) 有些動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語，在用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，可以把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個(gè)賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一賓語仍然保留在謂語后面。通常變?yōu)橹髡Z的是間接賓語。

例：His mother gave him a present for his birthday.可改為He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.

3) 當(dāng)“動(dòng)詞 +賓語 +賓語補(bǔ)足語”結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，將賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語，其余不動(dòng)。

例：Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改為 The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.

4) 在使役動(dòng)詞have, make, get賓語補(bǔ)語時(shí)，在主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式to要省略，但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，要加to。

例：Someone saw a stranger walk into the building.可改為A stranger was seen to walk into the building.

5) 有些相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)詞詞組，如“動(dòng)詞+介詞”，“動(dòng)詞+副詞”等，也可以用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，但要把它們看作一個(gè)整體，不能分開。其中的介詞或副詞也不能省略。

例：The meeting is to be put off till Friday.

非謂語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)v.+ing形式及不定式to do 也有被動(dòng)語態(tài) (一般時(shí)態(tài)和完成時(shí)態(tài))。

例：I don't like being laughed at in the public.

二、如何使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)

學(xué)習(xí)被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，不僅要知道被動(dòng)語態(tài)的各種語法結(jié)構(gòu)，還要知道在哪些情況中使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

1.講話者不知道動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或不必說出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。

例：My bike was stolen last night.(這時(shí)可省by短語)。

2.借助被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作突出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。

例：I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.

3.為了更好地安排句子。

例：The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people.(一個(gè)主語就夠了)

三、It is said that+一些表示“據(jù)說”或“相信”的動(dòng)詞

如用于句型“It+ be+過去分詞+that從句”或“主語+從句及其他類似句型believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think be+過去分詞+ to do sth. ”。

例：It is said that the boy has passed the national exam.(= The boy is said to have passed the national exam.)

四、謂語動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義

1.英語中有很多動(dòng)詞如break，catch， clean， drive， lock， open、 sell， read，write，wash等，當(dāng)它們被用作不及物動(dòng)詞來描述主語特征時(shí)，常用其主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義 ,主語通常是物。

例：This kind of cloth washes well.

注意：主動(dòng)語態(tài)表被動(dòng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主語的特征，而被動(dòng)語態(tài)則強(qiáng)調(diào)外界作用造成的影響。

2.表示“發(fā)生、進(jìn)行”的不及物動(dòng)詞和短語，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out,等以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out

例：How do the newspapers come out? 這些報(bào)紙是如何引出來的呢?

3.系動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)形式,但有些表示感受、感官的連系動(dòng)詞feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中常以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。

例：Your reason sounds reasonable.

五、表被動(dòng)意義的幾種特殊形態(tài)

1.在 need，want， require, bear式的被動(dòng)形式。例：The house needs repairing.

2.形容詞worth后面跟動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義，但不能跟動(dòng)詞不定式。

3.動(dòng)詞不定式在名詞后面作定語，不定式和名詞之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，又和句中另一名詞或代詞構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系，不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。

例：I have a lot of things to do this afternoon. (to do 與 things是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，與I是主謂關(guān)系。)試比較：I’ ll go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? (態(tài)作定語表明you不是post動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。)此處用不定式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

4.在某些“形容詞+不定式”做表語或賓語補(bǔ)足語的結(jié)構(gòu)中，句子的主語或賓語又是動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯賓語時(shí)，這時(shí)常用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義。這些形容詞有 nice， easy， fit，hard，difficult ， important，impossible， pleasant， interesting 等。

例：This problem is difficult to work out .(可看作to work out省略了for me).

5.在 too,to結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式前面可加邏輯主語，所以應(yīng)用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。

例：This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.

6.在 there be ,句型中，當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式修飾名詞作定語時(shí)，不定式用主動(dòng)式作定語，重點(diǎn)在人，用被動(dòng)形式作定語，重點(diǎn)在物。

例：There is no time to lose lost time 不明確。

7.在be to do結(jié)構(gòu)中的一些不定式通常應(yīng)用主動(dòng)表主動(dòng)，下列動(dòng)詞等仍用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。

例：Who is to blame for starting the fire?

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